This information handout introduces 'LACE' – a structured approach that supports empathic assertive communication.
Offers theory, guidance, and prompts for mental health professionals. Downloads are in Fillable PDF format where appropriate.
Includes client-friendly guidance. Downloads are in Fillable PDF format where appropriate.
Combining assertive messages with additional ‘considerations’ or ‘elaborations’ (such as acknowledging the other person’s experience) can enhance how assertive communication is perceived. LACE is a framework that helps clients strike a balance between empathy for others and assertive self-expression ('empathic assertion'). It describes how to incorporate understanding and acknowledgment into assertive messages. Clients will find this script particularly helpful when the relationship with the other person is important, when they want to nurture that relationship, or if there is a risk that the recipient might feel hurt or offended.
Empathic assertive messages can be highly effective. LACE explains how to communicate in this way.
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For anxious clients who struggle to express themselves.
To encourage confident, respectful social interactions.
Supports clients whose communication is hindered by guilt, hopelessness, or low self-worth.
For clients experiencing interpersonal difficulties that are impacted by communication problems.
Encourages development of self-respect and clear expression of needs.
Supports effective communication with colleagues.
Present the LACE model during sessions focused on interpersonal skills or assertiveness.
Use examples to discuss where clients might apply the model in their relationships.
Role-play conversations using the LACE steps.
Encourage clients to use the model during real-world interactions.
Review outcomes and refine communication strategies in follow-up sessions.
Effective communication allows people to share information, coordinate actions, and achieve their goals in personal and professional settings (Rohner & Schutz, 2024). Importantly, communication is crucial for forming and maintaining healthy relationships, enabling individuals to express their needs, build trust, address misunderstandings, and resolve conflicts (McKay et al., 2018).
Assertiveness is regarded as an effective style of communication many situations (Hayward et al., 2012; Jakubowski & Lange, 1978; Linehan, 1978; Paterson, 2022). Definitions of assertive communication vary: while some authors conceptualise assertiveness as the behavioural ‘middle ground’ between passive and aggressive communication styles, others argue that assertiveness is distinct style of communication, as it does not involve a perception of threat (Rakos, 1991; Paterson, 2022).
Several writers agree that simply asserting one’s views or rights can be inadequate in many situations (Jakubowski & Lange, 1978; Rakos, 1991). Accordingly, it is sometimes recommended that assertive messages are combined with additional ‘considerations’ or ‘elaborations’, such as acknowledging the other person’s experience. This approach shows respect for the rights and views of other people, helps maintain positive relationships, and enhances how assertive communication is perceived (e.g., Holland & Ward, 1990; Woolfolk & Dever, 1979).
Assertive messages that include explanations, acknowledgements, and understanding are referred to as empathic assertion (Jakubowski & Lange, 1978). Research indicates that empathic elaborations, such as recognizing the feelings of the other person and providing reasons for an assertive message, are viewed as socially skilled and effective. Additionally, they can help minimize negative reactions (e.g., Rakos, 1991; Romano & Bellack, 1980; Twentyman et al., 1981).
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