Pie Chart - Responsibility

Feelings of guilt are often associated with the belief that one should have acted, thought, or felt differently. They can be helpful when they motivate pro-social behaviors, such as apologizing or making amends, but sometimes people feel guilt or shame because they are blaming themselves inappropriately or feeling overly responsible for events. This is especially apparent in survivors of trauma.

Feeling guilty is not always an accurate signal of responsibility. Cognitive biases that are known to contribute to excessive guilt and inaccurate attributions for events include:

• Hindsight bias, in which the individual conflates an outcome with what they knew at the time (Fischoff, 1975).
• Black and white thinking, in which the individual does not appreciate the multitude of factors that contributed to an event.
• Personalizing, in which the individual falsely assumes that situations or outcomes are related to themselves (particularly negative ones).

Regarding responsibility, several cognitive processes may account for the excessive and inappropriate guilt

It sounds as though you feel very responsible for what happened. Would you be willing to explore that more with me?

1. Identify the situation, event, outcome, or consequence about which the client feels a strong sense of responsibility, or where they feel a strong sense of guilt or shame. Scurfield (1994) recommends that clients be asked to give a “clear explication of the event and the survivor’s perception and rationale for the degree of self-responsibility assumed”, that “hazy or unclear descriptions must be clarified”, or a determination made that the client’s recollection is unclear. Suggested questions include:
   • "What situation, event, or outcome do you feel responsible / ashamed / guilty for?"
   • "Can you describe what it is that you feel guilty about or responsible for?"
   • "Specifically, what are you blaming yourself for?"
2. Assess the client’s perceived degree of responsibility. Prompts might include:
   • "How responsible do you feel for what happened?"
   • "Can you rate how responsible you believe

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• Fischhoff, B. (1975). Hindsight is not equal to foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. Journal